coursecatlib.php

<?php
// This file is part of Moodle - http://moodle.org/
//
// Moodle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// Moodle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Moodle.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

/**
 * Contains class coursecat reponsible for course category operations
 *
 * @package    core
 * @subpackage course
 * @copyright  2013 Marina Glancy
 * @license    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
 */

defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();

/**
 * Class to store, cache, render and manage course category
 *
 * @property-read int $id
 * @property-read string $name
 * @property-read string $idnumber
 * @property-read string $description
 * @property-read int $descriptionformat
 * @property-read int $parent
 * @property-read int $sortorder
 * @property-read int $coursecount
 * @property-read int $visible
 * @property-read int $visibleold
 * @property-read int $timemodified
 * @property-read int $depth
 * @property-read string $path
 * @property-read string $theme
 *
 * @package    core
 * @subpackage course
 * @copyright  2013 Marina Glancy
 * @license    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
 */
class coursecat implements renderable, cacheable_object, IteratorAggregate {
    /** @var coursecat stores pseudo category with id=0. Use coursecat::get(0) to retrieve */
    protected static $coursecat0;

    /** @var array list of all fields and their short name and default value for caching */
    protected static $coursecatfields = array(
        'id' => array('id', 0),
        'name' => array('na', ''),
        'idnumber' => array('in', null),
        'description' => null, // Not cached.
        'descriptionformat' => null, // Not cached.
        'parent' => array('pa', 0),
        'sortorder' => array('so', 0),
        'coursecount' => array('cc', 0),
        'visible' => array('vi', 1),
        'visibleold' => null, // Not cached.
        'timemodified' => null, // Not cached.
        'depth' => array('dh', 1),
        'path' => array('ph', null),
        'theme' => null, // Not cached.
    );

    /** @var int */
    protected $id;

    /** @var string */
    protected $name = '';

    /** @var string */
    protected $idnumber = null;

    /** @var string */
    protected $description = false;

    /** @var int */
    protected $descriptionformat = false;

    /** @var int */
    protected $parent = 0;

    /** @var int */
    protected $sortorder = 0;

    /** @var int */
    protected $coursecount = false;

    /** @var int */
    protected $visible = 1;

    /** @var int */
    protected $visibleold = false;

    /** @var int */
    protected $timemodified = false;

    /** @var int */
    protected $depth = 0;

    /** @var string */
    protected $path = '';

    /** @var string */
    protected $theme = false;

    /** @var bool */
    protected $fromcache;

    /** @var bool */
    protected $hasmanagecapability = null;

    /**
     * Magic setter method, we do not want anybody to modify properties from the outside
     *
     * @param string $name
     * @param mixed $value
     */
    public function __set($name, $value) {
        debugging('Can not change coursecat instance properties!', DEBUG_DEVELOPER);
    }

    /**
     * Magic method getter, redirects to read only values. Queries from DB the fields that were not cached
     *
     * @param string $name
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function __get($name) {
        global $DB;
        if (array_key_exists($name, self::$coursecatfields)) {
            if ($this->$name === false) {
                // Property was not retrieved from DB, retrieve all not retrieved fields.
                $notretrievedfields = array_diff_key(self::$coursecatfields, array_filter(self::$coursecatfields));
                $record = $DB->get_record('course_categories', array('id' => $this->id),
                        join(',', array_keys($notretrievedfields)), MUST_EXIST);
                foreach ($record as $key => $value) {
                    $this->$key = $value;
                }
            }
            return $this->$name;
        }
        debugging('Invalid coursecat property accessed! '.$name, DEBUG_DEVELOPER);
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Full support for isset on our magic read only properties.
     *
     * @param string $name
     * @return bool
     */
    public function __isset($name) {
        if (array_key_exists($name, self::$coursecatfields)) {
            return isset($this->$name);
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * All properties are read only, sorry.
     *
     * @param string $name
     */
    public function __unset($name) {
        debugging('Can not unset coursecat instance properties!', DEBUG_DEVELOPER);
    }

    /**
     * Create an iterator because magic vars can't be seen by 'foreach'.
     *
     * implementing method from interface IteratorAggregate
     *
     * @return ArrayIterator
     */
    public function getIterator() {
        $ret = array();
        foreach (self::$coursecatfields as $property => $unused) {
            if ($this->$property !== false) {
                $ret[$property] = $this->$property;
            }
        }
        return new ArrayIterator($ret);
    }

    /**
     * Constructor
     *
     * Constructor is protected, use coursecat::get($id) to retrieve category
     *
     * @param stdClass $record record from DB (may not contain all fields)
     * @param bool $fromcache whether it is being restored from cache
     */
    protected function __construct(stdClass $record, $fromcache = false) {
        context_helper::preload_from_record($record);
        foreach ($record as $key => $val) {
            if (array_key_exists($key, self::$coursecatfields)) {
                $this->$key = $val;
            }
        }
        $this->fromcache = $fromcache;
    }

    /**
     * Returns coursecat object for requested category
     *
     * If category is not visible to user it is treated as non existing
     * unless $alwaysreturnhidden is set to true
     *
     * If id is 0, the pseudo object for root category is returned (convenient
     * for calling other functions such as get_children())
     *
     * @param int $id category id
     * @param int $strictness whether to throw an exception (MUST_EXIST) or
     *     return null (IGNORE_MISSING) in case the category is not found or
     *     not visible to current user
     * @param bool $alwaysreturnhidden set to true if you want an object to be
     *     returned even if this category is not visible to the current user
     *     (category is hidden and user does not have
     *     'moodle/category:viewhiddencategories' capability). Use with care!
     * @return null|coursecat
     * @throws moodle_exception
     */
    public static function get($id, $strictness = MUST_EXIST, $alwaysreturnhidden = false) {
        if (!$id) {
            if (!isset(self::$coursecat0)) {
                $record = new stdClass();
                $record->id = 0;
                $record->visible = 1;
                $record->depth = 0;
                $record->path = '';
                self::$coursecat0 = new coursecat($record);
            }
            return self::$coursecat0;
        }
        $coursecatrecordcache = cache::make('core', 'coursecatrecords');
        $coursecat = $coursecatrecordcache->get($id);
        if ($coursecat === false) {
            if ($records = self::get_records('cc.id = :id', array('id' => $id))) {
                $record = reset($records);
                $coursecat = new coursecat($record);
                // Store in cache.
                $coursecatrecordcache->set($id, $coursecat);
            }
        }
        if ($coursecat && ($alwaysreturnhidden || $coursecat->is_uservisible())) {
            return $coursecat;
        } else {
            if ($strictness == MUST_EXIST) {
                throw new moodle_exception('unknowncategory');
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Load many coursecat objects.
     *
     * @global moodle_database $DB
     * @param array $ids An array of category ID's to load.
     * @return coursecat[]
     */
    public static function get_many(array $ids) {
        global $DB;
        $coursecatrecordcache = cache::make('core', 'coursecatrecords');
        $categories = $coursecatrecordcache->get_many($ids);
        $toload = array();
        foreach ($categories as $id => $result) {
            if ($result === false) {
                $toload[] = $id;
            }
        }
        if (!empty($toload)) {
            list($where, $params) = $DB->get_in_or_equal($toload, SQL_PARAMS_NAMED);
            $records = self::get_records('cc.id '.$where, $params);
            $toset = array();
            foreach ($records as $record) {
                $categories[$record->id] = new coursecat($record);
                $toset[$record->id] = $categories[$record->id];
            }
            $coursecatrecordcache->set_many($toset);
        }
        return $categories;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the first found category
     *
     * Note that if there are no categories visible to the current user on the first level,
     * the invisible category may be returned
     *
     * @return coursecat
     */
    public static function get_default() {
        if ($visiblechildren = self::get(0)->get_children()) {
            $defcategory = reset($visiblechildren);
        } else {
            $toplevelcategories = self::get_tree(0);
            $defcategoryid = $toplevelcategories[0];
            $defcategory = self::get($defcategoryid, MUST_EXIST, true);
        }
        return $defcategory;
    }

    /**
     * Restores the object after it has been externally modified in DB for example
     * during {@link fix_course_sortorder()}
     */
    protected function restore() {
        // Update all fields in the current object.
        $newrecord = self::get($this->id, MUST_EXIST, true);
        foreach (self::$coursecatfields as $key => $unused) {
            $this->$key = $newrecord->$key;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new category either from form data or from raw data
     *
     * Please note that this function does not verify access control.
     *
     * Exception is thrown if name is missing or idnumber is duplicating another one in the system.
     *
     * Category visibility is inherited from parent unless $data->visible = 0 is specified
     *
     * @param array|stdClass $data
     * @param array $editoroptions if specified, the data is considered to be
     *    form data and file_postupdate_standard_editor() is being called to
     *    process images in description.
     * @return coursecat
     * @throws moodle_exception
     */
    public static function create($data, $editoroptions = null) {
        global $DB, $CFG;
        $data = (object)$data;
        $newcategory = new stdClass();

        $newcategory->descriptionformat = FORMAT_MOODLE;
        $newcategory->description = '';
        // Copy all description* fields regardless of whether this is form data or direct field update.
        foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
            if (preg_match("/^description/", $key)) {
                $newcategory->$key = $value;
            }
        }

        if (empty($data->name)) {
            throw new moodle_exception('categorynamerequired');
        }
        if (core_text::strlen($data->name) > 255) {
            throw new moodle_exception('categorytoolong');
        }
        $newcategory->name = $data->name;

        // Validate and set idnumber.
        if (isset($data->idnumber)) {
            if (core_text::strlen($data->idnumber) > 100) {
                throw new moodle_exception('idnumbertoolong');
            }
            if (strval($data->idnumber) !== '' && $DB->record_exists('course_categories', array('idnumber' => $data->idnumber))) {
                throw new moodle_exception('categoryidnumbertaken');
            }
            $newcategory->idnumber = $data->idnumber;
        }

        if (isset($data->theme) && !empty($CFG->allowcategorythemes)) {
            $newcategory->theme = $data->theme;
        }

        if (empty($data->parent)) {
            $parent = self::get(0);
        } else {
            $parent = self::get($data->parent, MUST_EXIST, true);
        }
        $newcategory->parent = $parent->id;
        $newcategory->depth = $parent->depth + 1;

        // By default category is visible, unless visible = 0 is specified or parent category is hidden.
        if (isset($data->visible) && !$data->visible) {
            // Create a hidden category.
            $newcategory->visible = $newcategory->visibleold = 0;
        } else {
            // Create a category that inherits visibility from parent.
            $newcategory->visible = $parent->visible;
            // In case parent is hidden, when it changes visibility this new subcategory will automatically become visible too.
            $newcategory->visibleold = 1;
        }

        $newcategory->sortorder = 0;
        $newcategory->timemodified = time();

        $newcategory->id = $DB->insert_record('course_categories', $newcategory);

        // Update path (only possible after we know the category id.
        $path = $parent->path . '/' . $newcategory->id;
        $DB->set_field('course_categories', 'path', $path, array('id' => $newcategory->id));

        // We should mark the context as dirty.
        context_coursecat::instance($newcategory->id)->mark_dirty();

        fix_course_sortorder();

        // If this is data from form results, save embedded files and update description.
        $categorycontext = context_coursecat::instance($newcategory->id);
        if ($editoroptions) {
            $newcategory = file_postupdate_standard_editor($newcategory, 'description', $editoroptions, $categorycontext,
                                                           'coursecat', 'description', 0);

            // Update only fields description and descriptionformat.
            $updatedata = new stdClass();
            $updatedata->id = $newcategory->id;
            $updatedata->description = $newcategory->description;
            $updatedata->descriptionformat = $newcategory->descriptionformat;
            $DB->update_record('course_categories', $updatedata);
        }

        $event = \core\event\course_category_created::create(array(
            'objectid' => $newcategory->id,
            'context' => $categorycontext
        ));
        $event->trigger();

        cache_helper::purge_by_event('changesincoursecat');

        return self::get($newcategory->id, MUST_EXIST, true);
    }

    /**
     * Updates the record with either form data or raw data
     *
     * Please note that this function does not verify access control.
     *
     * This function calls coursecat::change_parent_raw if field 'parent' is updated.
     * It also calls coursecat::hide_raw or coursecat::show_raw if 'visible' is updated.
     * Visibility is changed first and then parent is changed. This means that
     * if parent category is hidden, the current category will become hidden
     * too and it may overwrite whatever was set in field 'visible'.
     *
     * Note that fields 'path' and 'depth' can not be updated manually
     * Also coursecat::update() can not directly update the field 'sortoder'
     *
     * @param array|stdClass $data
     * @param array $editoroptions if specified, the data is considered to be
     *    form data and file_postupdate_standard_editor() is being called to
     *    process images in description.
     * @throws moodle_exception
     */
    public function update($data, $editoroptions = null) {
        global $DB, $CFG;
        if (!$this->id) {
            // There is no actual DB record associated with root category.
            return;
        }

        $data = (object)$data;
        $newcategory = new stdClass();
        $newcategory->id = $this->id;

        // Copy all description* fields regardless of whether this is form data or direct field update.
        foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
            if (preg_match("/^description/", $key)) {
                $newcategory->$key = $value;
            }
        }

        if (isset($data->name) && empty($data->name)) {
            throw new moodle_exception('categorynamerequired');
        }

        if (!empty($data->name) && $data->name !== $this->name) {
            if (core_text::strlen($data->name) > 255) {
                throw new moodle_exception('categorytoolong');
            }
            $newcategory->name = $data->name;
        }

        if (isset($data->idnumber) && $data->idnumber !== $this->idnumber) {
            if (core_text::strlen($data->idnumber) > 100) {
                throw new moodle_exception('idnumbertoolong');
            }
            if (strval($data->idnumber) !== '' && $DB->record_exists('course_categories', array('idnumber' => $data->idnumber))) {
                throw new moodle_exception('categoryidnumbertaken');
            }
            $newcategory->idnumber = $data->idnumber;
        }

        if (isset($data->theme) && !empty($CFG->allowcategorythemes)) {
            $newcategory->theme = $data->theme;
        }

        $changes = false;
        if (isset($data->visible)) {
            if ($data->visible) {
                $changes = $this->show_raw();
            } else {
                $changes = $this->hide_raw(0);
            }
        }

        if (isset($data->parent) && $data->parent != $this->parent) {
            if ($changes) {
                cache_helper::purge_by_event('changesincoursecat');
            }
            $parentcat = self::get($data->parent, MUST_EXIST, true);
            $this->change_parent_raw($parentcat);
            fix_course_sortorder();
        }

        $newcategory->timemodified = time();

        $categorycontext = $this->get_context();
        if ($editoroptions) {
            $newcategory = file_postupdate_standard_editor($newcategory, 'description', $editoroptions, $categorycontext,
                                                           'coursecat', 'description', 0);
        }
        $DB->update_record('course_categories', $newcategory);

        $event = \core\event\course_category_updated::create(array(
            'objectid' => $newcategory->id,
            'context' => $categorycontext
        ));
        $event->trigger();

        fix_course_sortorder();
        // Purge cache even if fix_course_sortorder() did not do it.
        cache_helper::purge_by_event('changesincoursecat');

        // Update all fields in the current object.
        $this->restore();
    }

    /**
     * Checks if this course category is visible to current user
     *
     * Please note that methods coursecat::get (without 3rd argumet),
     * coursecat::get_children(), etc. return only visible categories so it is
     * usually not needed to call this function outside of this class
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is_uservisible() {
        return !$this->id || $this->visible ||
                has_capability('moodle/category:viewhiddencategories', $this->get_context());
    }

    /**
     * Returns the complete corresponding record from DB table course_categories
     *
     * Mostly used in deprecated functions
     *
     * @return stdClass
     */
    public function get_db_record() {
        global $DB;
        if ($record = $DB->get_record('course_categories', array('id' => $this->id))) {
            return $record;
        } else {
            return (object)convert_to_array($this);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the entry from categories tree and makes sure the application-level tree cache is built
     *
     * The following keys can be requested:
     *
     * 'countall' - total number of categories in the system (always present)
     * 0 - array of ids of top-level categories (always present)
     * '0i' - array of ids of top-level categories that have visible=0 (always present but may be empty array)
     * $id (int) - array of ids of categories that are direct children of category with id $id. If
     *   category with id $id does not exist returns false. If category has no children returns empty array
     * $id.'i' - array of ids of children categories that have visible=0
     *
     * @param int|string $id
     * @return mixed
     */
    protected static function get_tree($id) {
        global $DB;
        $coursecattreecache = cache::make('core', 'coursecattree');
        $rv = $coursecattreecache->get($id);
        if ($rv !== false) {
            return $rv;
        }
        // Re-build the tree.
        $sql = "SELECT cc.id, cc.parent, cc.visible
                FROM {course_categories} cc
                ORDER BY cc.sortorder";
        $rs = $DB->get_recordset_sql($sql, array());
        $all = array(0 => array(), '0i' => array());
        $count = 0;
        foreach ($rs as $record) {
            $all[$record->id] = array();
            $all[$record->id. 'i'] = array();
            if (array_key_exists($record->parent, $all)) {
                $all[$record->parent][] = $record->id;
                if (!$record->visible) {
                    $all[$record->parent. 'i'][] = $record->id;
                }
            } else {
                // Parent not found. This is data consistency error but next fix_course_sortorder() should fix it.
                $all[0][] = $record->id;
                if (!$record->visible) {
                    $all['0i'][] = $record->id;
                }
            }
            $count++;
        }
        $rs->close();
        if (!$count) {
            // No categories found.
            // This may happen after upgrade of a very old moodle version.
            // In new versions the default category is created on install.
            $defcoursecat = self::create(array('name' => get_string('miscellaneous')));
            set_config('defaultrequestcategory', $defcoursecat->id);
            $all[0] = array($defcoursecat->id);
            $all[$defcoursecat->id] = array();
            $count++;
        }
        // We must add countall to all in case it was the requested ID.
        $all['countall'] = $count;
        $coursecattreecache->set_many($all);
        if (array_key_exists($id, $all)) {
            return $all[$id];
        }
        // Requested non-existing category.
        return array();
    }

    /**
     * Returns number of ALL categories in the system regardless if
     * they are visible to current user or not
     *
     * @return int
     */
    public static function count_all() {
        return self::get_tree('countall');
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves number of records from course_categories table
     *
     * Only cached fields are retrieved. Records are ready for preloading context
     *
     * @param string $whereclause
     * @param array $params
     * @return array array of stdClass objects
     */
    protected static function get_records($whereclause, $params) {
        global $DB;
        // Retrieve from DB only the fields that need to be stored in cache.
        $fields = array_keys(array_filter(self::$coursecatfields));
        $ctxselect = context_helper::get_preload_record_columns_sql('ctx');
        $sql = "SELECT cc.". join(',cc.', $fields). ", $ctxselect
                FROM {course_categories} cc
                JOIN {context} ctx ON cc.id = ctx.instanceid AND ctx.contextlevel = :contextcoursecat
                WHERE ". $whereclause." ORDER BY cc.sortorder";
        return $DB->get_records_sql($sql,
                array('contextcoursecat' => CONTEXT_COURSECAT) + $params);
    }

    /**
     * Resets course contact caches when role assignments were changed
     *
     * @param int $roleid role id that was given or taken away
     * @param context $context context where role assignment has been changed
     */
    public static function role_assignment_changed($roleid, $context) {
        global $CFG, $DB;

        if ($context->contextlevel > CONTEXT_COURSE) {
            // No changes to course contacts if role was assigned on the module/block level.
            return;
        }

        if (!$CFG->coursecontact || !in_array($roleid, explode(',', $CFG->coursecontact))) {
            // The role is not one of course contact roles.
            return;
        }

        // Remove from cache course contacts of all affected courses.
        $cache = cache::make('core', 'coursecontacts');
        if ($context->contextlevel == CONTEXT_COURSE) {
            $cache->delete($context->instanceid);
        } else if ($context->contextlevel == CONTEXT_SYSTEM) {
            $cache->purge();
        } else {
            $sql = "SELECT ctx.instanceid
                    FROM {context} ctx
                    WHERE ctx.path LIKE ? AND ctx.contextlevel = ?";
            $params = array($context->path . '/%', CONTEXT_COURSE);
            if ($courses = $DB->get_fieldset_sql($sql, $params)) {
                $cache->delete_many($courses);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Executed when user enrolment was changed to check if course
     * contacts cache needs to be cleared
     *
     * @param int $courseid course id
     * @param int $userid user id
     * @param int $status new enrolment status (0 - active, 1 - suspended)
     * @param int $timestart new enrolment time start
     * @param int $timeend new enrolment time end
     */
    public static function user_enrolment_changed($courseid, $userid,
            $status, $timestart = null, $timeend = null) {
        $cache = cache::make('core', 'coursecontacts');
        $contacts = $cache->get($courseid);
        if ($contacts === false) {
            // The contacts for the affected course were not cached anyway.
            return;
        }
        $enrolmentactive = ($status == 0) &&
                (!$timestart || $timestart < time()) &&
                (!$timeend || $timeend > time());
        if (!$enrolmentactive) {
            $isincontacts = false;
            foreach ($contacts as $contact) {
                if ($contact->id == $userid) {
                    $isincontacts = true;
                }
            }
            if (!$isincontacts) {
                // Changed user's enrolment does not exist or is not active,
                // and he is not in cached course contacts, no changes to be made.
                return;
            }
        }
        // Either enrolment of manager was deleted/suspended
        // or user enrolment was added or activated.
        // In order to see if the course contacts for this course need
        // changing we would need to make additional queries, they will
        // slow down bulk enrolment changes. It is better just to remove
        // course contacts cache for this course.
        $cache->delete($courseid);
    }

    /**
     * Given list of DB records from table course populates each record with list of users with course contact roles
     *
     * This function fills the courses with raw information as {@link get_role_users()} would do.
     * See also {@link course_in_list::get_course_contacts()} for more readable return
     *
     * $courses[$i]->managers = array(
     *   $roleassignmentid => $roleuser,
     *   ...
     * );
     *
     * where $roleuser is an stdClass with the following properties:
     *
     * $roleuser->raid - role assignment id
     * $roleuser->id - user id
     * $roleuser->username
     * $roleuser->firstname
     * $roleuser->lastname
     * $roleuser->rolecoursealias
     * $roleuser->rolename
     * $roleuser->sortorder - role sortorder
     * $roleuser->roleid
     * $roleuser->roleshortname
     *
     * @todo MDL-38596 minimize number of queries to preload contacts for the list of courses
     *
     * @param array $courses
     */
    public static function preload_course_contacts(&$courses) {
        global $CFG, $DB;
        if (empty($courses) || empty($CFG->coursecontact)) {
            return;
        }
        $managerroles = explode(',', $CFG->coursecontact);
        $cache = cache::make('core', 'coursecontacts');
        $cacheddata = $cache->get_many(array_keys($courses));
        $courseids = array();
        foreach (array_keys($courses) as $id) {
            if ($cacheddata[$id] !== false) {
                $courses[$id]->managers = $cacheddata[$id];
            } else {
                $courseids[] = $id;
            }
        }

        // Array $courseids now stores list of ids of courses for which we still need to retrieve contacts.
        if (empty($courseids)) {
            return;
        }

        // First build the array of all context ids of the courses and their categories.
        $allcontexts = array();
        foreach ($courseids as $id) {
            $context = context_course::instance($id);
            $courses[$id]->managers = array();
            foreach (preg_split('|/|', $context->path, 0, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY) as $ctxid) {
                if (!isset($allcontexts[$ctxid])) {
                    $allcontexts[$ctxid] = array();
                }
                $allcontexts[$ctxid][] = $id;
            }
        }

        // Fetch list of all users with course contact roles in any of the courses contexts or parent contexts.
        list($sql1, $params1) = $DB->get_in_or_equal(array_keys($allcontexts), SQL_PARAMS_NAMED, 'ctxid');
        list($sql2, $params2) = $DB->get_in_or_equal($managerroles, SQL_PARAMS_NAMED, 'rid');
        list($sort, $sortparams) = users_order_by_sql('u');
        $notdeleted = array('notdeleted'=>0);
        $allnames = get_all_user_name_fields(true, 'u');
        $sql = "SELECT ra.contextid, ra.id AS raid,
                       r.id AS roleid, r.name AS rolename, r.shortname AS roleshortname,
                       rn.name AS rolecoursealias, u.id, u.username, $allnames
                  FROM {role_assignments} ra
                  JOIN {user} u ON ra.userid = u.id
                  JOIN {role} r ON ra.roleid = r.id
             LEFT JOIN {role_names} rn ON (rn.contextid = ra.contextid AND rn.roleid = r.id)
                WHERE  ra.contextid ". $sql1." AND ra.roleid ". $sql2." AND u.deleted = :notdeleted
             ORDER BY r.sortorder, $sort";
        $rs = $DB->get_recordset_sql($sql, $params1 + $params2 + $notdeleted + $sortparams);
        $checkenrolments = array();
        foreach ($rs as $ra) {
            foreach ($allcontexts[$ra->contextid] as $id) {
                $courses[$id]->managers[$ra->raid] = $ra;
                if (!isset($checkenrolments[$id])) {
                    $checkenrolments[$id] = array();
                }
                $checkenrolments[$id][] = $ra->id;
            }
        }
        $rs->close();

        // Remove from course contacts users who are not enrolled in the course.
        $enrolleduserids = self::ensure_users_enrolled($checkenrolments);
        foreach ($checkenrolments as $id => $userids) {
            if (empty($enrolleduserids[$id])) {
                $courses[$id]->managers = array();
            } else if ($notenrolled = array_diff($userids, $enrolleduserids[$id])) {
                foreach ($courses[$id]->managers as $raid => $ra) {
                    if (in_array($ra->id, $notenrolled)) {
                        unset($courses[$id]->managers[$raid]);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Set the cache.
        $values = array();
        foreach ($courseids as $id) {
            $values[$id] = $courses[$id]->managers;
        }
        $cache->set_many($values);
    }

    /**
     * Verify user enrollments for multiple course-user combinations
     *
     * @param array $courseusers array where keys are course ids and values are array
     *     of users in this course whose enrolment we wish to verify
     * @return array same structure as input array but values list only users from input
     *     who are enrolled in the course
     */
    protected static function ensure_users_enrolled($courseusers) {
        global $DB;
        // If the input array is too big, split it into chunks.
        $maxcoursesinquery = 20;
        if (count($courseusers) > $maxcoursesinquery) {
            $rv = array();
            for ($offset = 0; $offset < count($courseusers); $offset += $maxcoursesinquery) {
                $chunk = array_slice($courseusers, $offset, $maxcoursesinquery, true);
                $rv = $rv + self::ensure_users_enrolled($chunk);
            }
            return $rv;
        }

        // Create a query verifying valid user enrolments for the number of courses.
        $sql = "SELECT DISTINCT e.courseid, ue.userid
          FROM {user_enrolments} ue
          JOIN {enrol} e ON e.id = ue.enrolid
          WHERE ue.status = :active
            AND e.status = :enabled
            AND ue.timestart < :now1 AND (ue.timeend = 0 OR ue.timeend > :now2)";
        $now = round(time(), -2); // Rounding helps caching in DB.
        $params = array('enabled' => ENROL_INSTANCE_ENABLED,
            'active' => ENROL_USER_ACTIVE,
            'now1' => $now, 'now2' => $now);
        $cnt = 0;
        $subsqls = array();
        $enrolled = array();
        foreach ($courseusers as $id => $userids) {
            $enrolled[$id] = array();
            if (count($userids)) {
                list($sql2, $params2) = $DB->get_in_or_equal($userids, SQL_PARAMS_NAMED, 'userid'.$cnt.'_');
                $subsqls[] = "(e.courseid = :courseid$cnt AND ue.userid ".$sql2.")";
                $params = $params + array('courseid'.$cnt => $id) + $params2;
                $cnt++;
            }
        }
        if (count($subsqls)) {
            $sql .= "AND (". join(' OR ', $subsqls).")";
            $rs = $DB->get_recordset_sql($sql, $params);
            foreach ($rs as $record) {
                $enrolled[$record->courseid][] = $record->userid;
            }
            $rs->close();
        }
        return $enrolled;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves number of records from course table
     *
     * Not all fields are retrieved. Records are ready for preloading context
     *
     * @param string $whereclause
     * @param array $params
     * @param array $options may indicate that summary and/or coursecontacts need to be retrieved
     * @param bool $checkvisibility if true, capability 'moodle/course:viewhiddencourses' will be checked
     *     on not visible courses
     * @return array array of stdClass objects
     */
    protected static function get_course_records($whereclause, $params, $options, $checkvisibility = false) {
        global $DB;
        $ctxselect = context_helper::get_preload_record_columns_sql('ctx');
        $fields = array('c.id', 'c.category', 'c.sortorder',
                        'c.shortname', 'c.fullname', 'c.idnumber',
                        'c.startdate', 'c.enddate', 'c.visible', 'c.cacherev');
        if (!empty($options['summary'])) {
            $fields[] = 'c.summary';
            $fields[] = 'c.summaryformat';
        } else {
            $fields[] = $DB->sql_substr('c.summary', 1, 1). ' as hassummary';
        }
        $sql = "SELECT ". join(',', $fields). ", $ctxselect
                FROM {course} c
                JOIN {context} ctx ON c.id = ctx.instanceid AND ctx.contextlevel = :contextcourse
                WHERE ". $whereclause." ORDER BY c.sortorder";
        $list = $DB->get_records_sql($sql,
                array('contextcourse' => CONTEXT_COURSE) + $params);

        if ($checkvisibility) {
            // Loop through all records and make sure we only return the courses accessible by user.
            foreach ($list as $course) {
                if (isset($list[$course->id]->hassummary)) {
                    $list[$course->id]->hassummary = strlen($list[$course->id]->hassummary) > 0;
                }
                if (empty($course->visible)) {
                    // Load context only if we need to check capability.
                    context_helper::preload_from_record($course);
                    if (!has_capability('moodle/course:viewhiddencourses', context_course::instance($course->id))) {
                        unset($list[$course->id]);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Preload course contacts if necessary.
        if (!empty($options['coursecontacts'])) {
            self::preload_course_contacts($list);
        }
        return $list;
    }

    /**
     * Returns array of ids of children categories that current user can not see
     *
     * This data is cached in user session cache
     *
     * @return array
     */
    protected function get_not_visible_children_ids() {
        global $DB;
        $coursecatcache = cache::make('core', 'coursecat');
        if (($invisibleids = $coursecatcache->get('ic'. $this->id)) === false) {
            // We never checked visible children before.
            $hidden = self::get_tree($this->id.'i');
            $invisibleids = array();
            if ($hidden) {
                // Preload categories contexts.
                list($sql, $params) = $DB->get_in_or_equal($hidden, SQL_PARAMS_NAMED, 'id');
                $ctxselect = context_helper::get_preload_record_columns_sql('ctx');
                $contexts = $DB->get_records_sql("SELECT $ctxselect FROM {context} ctx
                    WHERE ctx.contextlevel = :contextcoursecat AND ctx.instanceid ".$sql,
                        array('contextcoursecat' => CONTEXT_COURSECAT) + $params);
                foreach ($contexts as $record) {
                    context_helper::preload_from_record($record);
                }
                // Check that user has 'viewhiddencategories' capability for each hidden category.
                foreach ($hidden as $id) {
                    if (!has_capability('moodle/category:viewhiddencategories', context_coursecat::instance($id))) {
                        $invisibleids[] = $id;
                    }
                }
            }